Cleaning Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cleaning Assignment - Essay Example coli (Food Safety, 2014; FDA, 2013). The effects that are related to the risks to food safety include: having an unpleasant working environment where the staffs would not feel comfortable to work in an environment that is unclean as it poses a risk to their health. This would also be a propagator to low staff morale. Other effects are related to the daily business operations of the meat processing company as well as their reputation to the general public. The manufacturing company in this instance is responsible in the process of producing cook chill meat products. As such, the chain of production involves a number of sensitive processes all of which need to be monitored closely as they can be the source of food poisoning from common pathogens such as E. coli 0157. E. coli 0157 has been noted in many cases of food poisoning and outbreaks and its presence is facilitated by compromised hygiene practices in the chain of food production. The procedures in the manufacturing of the cook chill meat products include: vacuum processing – which was determined to be subject to microbial contamination by E. coli 0157. The next processes were labelling, packing and distributing of the products to the food outlets. As noted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2013), periodic cleaning as well as sanitation of the meat processing facility and equipment is a critical task in ensuring that Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) have been adhered to. Based on that, the benefits (positive effects) of cleaning the factory processing areas mentioned above include: The cleaning was conducted using detergents, disinfectants and sanitizers. Detergents were used since they simply required the use of water regardless of whether it was hard or soft water. Secondly, detergents had fewer reactions to minerals that were contained in water; hence, the detergent

Porter's 5 Forces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Porter's 5 Forces - Essay Example The robotics industry is experiencing growth year after year and the industrial robot application has become more demanding and complicated due to modernization and automation of the manufacturing processes. I will analyze each of the forces and the impact that may be experienced in regards to profitability of the robotics industry. Existing Competitors: Within an industry, the rivalry among the competitors is countered through use new products, marketing and price discounting to be competitive. The robotic industry tends to be an oligopoly since it has a lot of rivals. The potential for product differentiation is high with much difference in power, size, quality, service and features of the products. The Power of Buyers: Consumers can capture more value by ensuring that they force the prices down and demand better quality at the industry’s profitability expenses. The top buyer from the robotic industry is the automobile industry. Literally, the number of auto firms is small but they buy in large quantities. In contrast to the automotive buyers, other buyers in other industries are moderate in power. They are smaller, many and buy in smaller volumes The Power of Suppliers: Suppliers have great influence in an industry by changing higher prices, limiting the quality of services and shifting costs. The products provided do not usually have substitution, but some tend to come up with techniques to realize differentiation of the products. The overall power of suppliers in the robotic industry tends to be weak. Threat to Entry: New entrants into the market pose a threat to the profit potential of an industry. According to Porter, the threat of entry in an industry is dependent on the height of entry barriers. In addition, it is dependent on the reaction of the incumbents expected by the newcomers. When there are few entry barriers and little or no retaliation from the competing

Effect of enzymes on reactions Essay Example for Free

Effect of enzymes on reactions Essay Effect of enzymes on reactions Introduction            The function of any enzyme largely depends on the arrangement of its amino acids. The shape of an enzyme is so important such that any alteration or change in its amino acid sequence can have a huge effect on its function. An alteration to the amino acids in an enzyme does not only alter it shape but also its functionality. During a reaction, the whole enzyme does not take part but rather a small part known as the active site. The shape and appearance of the active site in any enzyme is determined by its three dimensional structure. The active site of an enzyme houses the shape of the substrate that needs to be changed during the reaction. This means that enzymes and substrates work like a lock and key. Since a specific key can only open a specific lock, this is explains why enzymes are specific in their reactions. How enzymes catalyze reactions            As noted earlier, enzymes serve as catalysts that speed up the rate at which biochemical reactions take place. They mainly work by offering a substitute pathway for reactions. Compared to other catalysts, the pathway provided by enzymes reduces activation energy. The same with all other catalysts, enzymes participate in reactions and this is the main way through which they offer a substitute reaction pathway. However, it is worthy noting that enzymes do not undergo any permanent changes during a reaction but remain intact. There main role in a reaction is to increase the rate but not the position of the reaction equilibrium (Cornish-Bowden 47). Unlike chemicals that catalyze a number of reactions, enzymes are usually very selective and can only catalyze precise reactions. This characteristic can be attributed to the shape of molecules that make up enzymes. Majority of enzymes are made up of a protein and non protein known as the cofactor. In most cases, the protein s found in the enzymes are globular. Any change in temperature and pH disrupts the inter-molecular and intra-molecular bonds that hold the proteins together in their tertiary and secondary structures. This means that catalytic ability of an enzyme is temperature and pH sensitive.            For any molecules to react, they must come into contact with one another. In other words, they must collide with enough energy and in the correct direction. Sufficient energy is important during a reaction because it helps the molecules overcome the energy barrier to the reaction. This type of energy is known as activation energy. During a reaction, the active side of an enzyme attaches itself to one of the reacting molecules known as the substrate. A reaction catalyzed by an enzyme takes a different route compared to that catalyzed by other catalysts. The coming together of an enzyme and a substrate results in a reaction intermediate. Enzyme substrate Enzyme-substrate complex            The best experiment that can be used to validate the claim that enzymes do in fact catalyze reactions is looking at how enzymes help human beings digest food. There are different types of foods that are consumed by human beings. Some of the most common foods consumed by people are the two types of sugars namely disaccharides and monosaccharaides. These two sugars are derived from foods like fruits which also contain fructose and glucose. All monosaccharides derived from the foods that we eat is absorbed directly and transported to different cells in the body (Cornish-Bowden 96). Unlike monosaccharides, disaccharides need to be broken down into their monosaccharide form before they can be absorbed into the body. In the absence of a catalyst, the rate at which the absorption of monosaccharide galactose and glucose take place is very slow. Since human bodies require a lot of energy to function properly, it is important that the absorption process is quickened through the use of an enzyme. The main enzyme that is produced by human bodies to quicken the absorption process is known as a lactase. The experiment would involve the following steps. This experiment can be represented using the following diagram. Fill a tube with 20 ml of a lactose solution. Fill another tube with 20 ml of lactose solution and 2 ml of lactase solution. Shake the tube to ensure that the two solutions mix. Give the experiment 5 minutes for the lactose to breakdown into galactose and glucose. Use a test strip to monitor the process. Originally, the strip is usually colored aqua. If it turns brown, olive or green, it is an indication that glucose is present. Compare the results from the two tubes.            If the color of the test strip turns brown, olive or green, this is an indication that glucose is present. This means that reaction in the tube with lactase was catalyzed resulting in the production of glucose. The reaction in the other tube was slow because there was no catalyst to quicken the reaction. The result from this experiment indicates that indeed enzymes can play a big role in catalyzing reactions. References Cornish-Bowden, Athel. Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics. (3rd edition), Portland Press, 2004. Print. Source document

The Different Techniques A Translator Use English Language Essay

The Different Techniques A Translator Use English Language Essay The purpose of the following chapter is to provide a theoretical background to support the different techniques a translator use during the translation process. Moreover, it will develop information related to the text analysis, translation methods, and translation techniques. All this information will help the reader to have a better understanding about what has been established by the experts and how this can help translators to achieve a translated text that can be understood with accuracy and effectiveness. Moreover, this chapter will add the information related to the glossary creation and its relevance not only to the translator by itself but to the translation process as well, creating a big difference in the quality and consistency within and across the text, minimizing the amount of time spent on the research and correction of the terms and in along with making the text content understandable, so both the reader and the translator can be at the same basis in meaning and simultaneously reduce errors while understanding the texts. Finally, it will refer to the relationship between the theories explained and the research questions provided in Chapter 1. The intention of this final section is to explain how this information will be used to gather the required data and also to design the instruments for the data collection, which will be presented in Chapter 3. 2.1. Text analysis It is the process of decoding the text to be translated. According to Nord (2005 ) Most writers on translation theory agree that before embarking upon any translation the translator should analyse the text comprehensively, since this appears to be the only way of ensuring that the source text has been completely and correctly understood. This is mainly because every work is different and translators need to really grasp the intention of the author as well as the meaning of the text by itself so understanding the main point in the source piece would provide a natural and accurate translation. Newmark ´s (1988) discussion regarding the analysis of a text, mention that the purpose of reading the original, is first to understand what the text is about and second to analyze the text from a translator point of view, to determine a suitable translation method, so the intention of the text can be understood. Which is complete different from a linguists or literary critics, now that to translate it is necessary to determine the intention of the writer in order to identify the correct methods of translation. Furthermore, he mention important steps at the time of understanding the text; close and general reading are necessary to capture the essence of the text, familiarize and find additional facts. Moreover there is the close reading, where the translator need to analyses the text, required for words both in and out of context, everything that does not have a good sense needs to be looked up. Translation is compare to an iceberg, the translation is just the top, but the research and investigation of the translator is what holds the top, that can never been see. 2.1.1 Text Styles To translate a whole text accurately it requires consideration of its context and resulting features, such as style. Newark (1988) points out Nidas four types of literary or non-literary texts: a) Narrative: a dynamic sequence of events, where the emphasis is on the verbs or for English dummy or empty verbs plus verb-nouns or phrasal verbs (He made a sudden appearance, He burst in) b) Description: is static, with emphasis on linking verbs, adjectives, adjectival nouns. c) Discussion: a treatment of ideas, with emphasis on abstracts nouns (concepts), verbs of thought, mental activity (consider, argue, etc), logical argument and connectives. d) Dialogue: with emphasis on colloquialism and phaticisms. 2.1.2 Stylistic Scales The stylistic scale is one of the main aspects when translators analyze the text; this is because it helps the translator to identify the type of readers the text would be addressed to, as well as the vocabulary that would be needed in the translation. 2.1.2.1 Scale of formality Based on Newmark (1988) the following are examples of the scale of formality: Officialese The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment. Official The consumption of nutriments is prohibited. Formal You are requested not to consume food in this establishment. Neutral Eating is not allowed here. Informal Please dont eat here Colloquial You cant feed your face here. Slang Lay off the nosh. Taboo Lay off the fucking nosh. 2.1.2.2 Scale of generality or difficulty Newmark (1988) also points out specific types in the scale of generality: Simple The floor of the sea is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits. Popular The floor of the oceans is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits. Neutral A graveyard of animal and plant remains lies buried in the earths crust. Educated The latest step in vertebrate evolution was the tool-making man. Technical Critical path analysis is an operational research technique used in management Opaquely technical (comprehensible only to an expert) Neuraminic acid in the form of its alkali-stable methoxy derivative was first isolated by Klenk from gangliosides. 2.2.3 Scale of Emotional tone Keeping on Newmark (1988) perspective, he defined three scales of emotional tone which are: Intense: (profuse use of intensifiers): absolutely wonderful, ideally dark bass, enormously successful, superbly controlled, gentle, soft, heart-warming melodies. Factual: (cool): Significant, exceptionally well judged, personable, presentable, considerable. Understandable: notà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦undignified (Understatement) On the other hand, Newmark (1988) also mentioned the importance of the attitude for evaluations and recommendation texts now that there is a thin line in the critical difference between positive or negative opinions for a translator, for this reason is necessary to establish the standards of the writer. In addition, the translator must be sure that the expressions are understood in the target text taking into consideration if they are positive, neutral, or negative. 2.1.3 Text function The text function provides to the reader the idea of what the text is about, and also what the author is trying to transmit them. For this reason it is very important for the translator to recognize as well the source text function to reproduce the same effect for the target readers. Newmark (1988) mentioned Buhler functional theory of language where three main functions of language are explained: expressive, the informative, and finally the vocative. 2.1.3.1 Informative The main factor of the informative function of language is the fact of the topic and the explanation of the author. As Newmark (1988) states the typical informative texts are about any topic of knowledge. He explained that the format of an informative text is standard such as: a textbook, a technical report, an article in a newspaper or a periodical, a scientific paper, a thesis, minutes or agenda of a meeting. It is important to leave the text naturally in order to understand the information, at the end, the objective of an informative text is to teach readers about a specific subject matter. He also mentions that informative text has 4 scales of language varieties: First, a formal, non-emotive, technical style for academic papers. This scale is characterized by passives, present and present perfect tenses, literal language, Latinized vocabulary, jargon, multi-noun compounds with empty verbs and no metaphors. Neutral or informal style with defined technical terms of textbooks characterized by first person plural, present tense, dynamic active verbs, and basic conceptual metaphors. An informal warm style for popular science or art books characterized by simple grammatical structures, a wide range of vocabulary to accommodate definitions and numerous illustrations, and stock metaphors and a simple vocabulary. And finally, a familiar, non-technical style for popular journalism, characterized by surprising metaphors, short sentences, Americanese, unconventional punctuation, adjectives before proper names and colloquialisms. 2.1.3.2 Expressive Newmark (1988) stated that expressive function is more related to the feelings of the author, the mind of the speaker and the writer. He categorized three different aspects of the expressive function: 1. Serious imaginative literature: Of the four principal types -lyrical poetry, short stories, novels, plays lyrical poetry is the most intimate expression, while plays are more evidently addressed to a large audience, which, in the translation, is entitled to some assistance with cultural expressions. 2. Authoritative statements: These are texts of any nature which derive their authority from the high status or the reliability and linguistic competence of their authors. Such texts have the personal stamp of their authors, although they are denotative, not connotative. Typical authoritative statements are political speeches, documents etc., by ministers or party leaders; statutes and legal documents; scientific, philosophical and academic works written by acknowledged authorities. 3. Autobiography, essays, personal correspondence: These are expressive when they are personal effusions, when the readers are a remote background Also, he recommends that the translator needs to make a distinction about the personal components of the texts, for example: collocations, originals metaphors, neologisms, and so on. 2.1.3.3 Vocative The vocative function is related to calling upon the reader to react of what was written. Based on Newmark (1988) the core of this function is the readership, and has been given lots of other names such as: conative (denoting effort), instrumental (instrumental), operating, and pragmatic (in the sense of used to produce a certain effect on the readership). Examples of a vocative function of language are notices, instructions, publicity, propaganda, persuasive writing where the main objective is to sell to entertain the addressee. In the vocative text the vital for the writer is the reader now that it target directly to the reader, the use of you is common to develop and influence in the person. Newmark mention to facts in vocative text there are also 2 vocative texts. First, the vocative text is the connection between the writer and reader using some forms, infinitives, imperatives, subjunctives, indicatives, impersonal, passives, and tags, all those examples playing a part in asymmetrical or symmetrical relationship. The second factor is that this source of text needs to be writing in the easy comprehensible form for the reader, the translator need to take in consideration the linguistic and cultural level of the reader. 2.1.4 Type of translation The application of the translation methods will transform the source text to an available target text for wider readers and make communication possible among the speakers of the different languages. Newmark (1988) mentioned that several scholars have been trying to identify what are the best translation methods, whether to translate literally or freely. No matter what techniques or methods are used, the translators job is to maintain a faithful target text. Even though, there are different translation methods, this chapter will develop only two of them: semantic translation and communicative translation. 2.1.4.1 Semantic translation According to Newmark (1988) semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents une nonne repassant un corporal may become a nun ironing a corporal cloth and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translators intuitive empathy with the original. 2.1.4.2 Communicative translation This method is use to render the exact contextual meaning of the source language to the target language is such form that both languages and content are acceptable and comprehensible to the reader. Newmark (1988) He comments about the last to methods (semantic and communicative), they fulfill the main aims of translation (accuracy and economy). In the cases of semantic translation the translator writes as the level of the author, but the communicative translation is base in the reader and his needs. Semantic in common use for expressive texts, in the case of communicative is usually use in informative and vocative texts. These 2 methods treat the following items similarity: stock and dead metaphors, normal collocations, technique terms, slang, colloquialism, standard notice, phaticisms, and ordinary language. 2.2 Translation techniques The translation process is not an easy task; however, translators can count with many types of techniques in order to provide a high quality final work. It is important to mention, that translators must ensure they managed the techniques in a proper way, so the meaning of the target text will not have coherence problems. In this part of the chapter the different type of translation techniques develop by authors like Peter Newmark, Vasquez Ayora and Lopez Guix will be explain. All they points of view will by explain and compare to demonstrate the differences between each technique and the importance of each one. 2.2.1 Transposition For Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977), the purpose of the transposition is to achieve expression naturalness for the target text, in all levels like lexical, structure and the context, and also can be defined as the procedure where a part of speech of the source text is replaced in the target text. Moreover, Newmark (1988) aims different types of transposition or shift (term used by Catford) such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Change from singular to plural: furniture to des muebles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Change in the position of the adjective: la maison blanche to the white house à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ When the source text contains a grammatical structure that does not exist in the target text: il viente de le faire to recently. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ When literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the target text: Il ne tardera pas a renter to He will come back soon And he concludes that transposition is the only procedure that is related to grammar, and normally translators use this method intuitively. In order to have an integral knowledge about the varieties of transposition, here are exemplified some of the varieties which were mentioned by Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977): 2.2.1.1 Abverb/Verb The application of hard work should eventually produce a heaven on earth La aplicacià ³n del trabajo diligente acabarà ­a por producir un paraà ­so en la tierra 2.2.1.2 Abverb/Noun That wont be often enough Eso serà ­a demasiada frecuencia 2.2.1.3 Abverb/Adjective The genuine international body El genuino cuerpo internacional 2.2.1.4 Verb or Past Participle/Noun We havent hear from him for a long time No hemos tenido noticias suyas por mucho tiempo 2.2.1.5 Adverb/Adjective We will attempt to be brief; relying on subsequent discussion to clarify points whichà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Trataremos de ser breves, confiados en que las discusiones subsiguientes podremos esclarecer 2.2.1.6 Verb/Adverb There used to be an inn there Habà ­a hace mucho allà ­ una posada 2.2.1.7 Noun/Verb or Past Participle During the remainder of the term Hasta que expire el mandato 2.2.1.8 Adjective/Noun It was another busy day beginning Comenzaba otro dà ­a de ajetreos 2.2.1.9 Adjective/Verb He pulled sharply upward into a full loop Ascendià ³ agudamente hasta completar un giro 2.2.1.10 Past Participle/Adjective Improved inputs Insumos mejores (o de mejor calidad) 2.2.2 Modulation According to Newmark (1988), modulation is defined by Vinay and Darbelnet as: a variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective (eclairage) and very often of category of though. Standard modulation is recorded bilingual dictionaries, Newmark mention that free modulation is been use by translators when a target language reject the literary translation, there are eleven categories of modulation lists, but Newmark focus in just one negated contrary, as positive for double negative, is a concrete translation procedure which can be applied in any action (verb, adjective or adverb). Newmark (1988), mention that translations are free and double negative is not a forceful as the positive, the double negative depends of the voice, for that reason this modulation must depend on its formulation and the context. There are lexical gaps, but this modulation is virtually mandatory, the procedure is potentially available, but can be use when the translation is not natural, in other cases the procedures can be used. The second modulation procedure according to Vinay and Darbelnets is part of the whole, and it is explains by Newmark (1988) as: misleadingly described; it consists of what I can familiar alternatives. Newmark (1988) name the other modulation procedures: Abstract for concrete Cause for effect One part for another Reversal of terms Active for passive Intervals and limits Change of symbols The active for passive procedures is considering a transposition by Newmark (1988), it is mandatory when passive do not exist. There is important to mention that Newmark consider the categorization did by Vinay and Darbelnet incorrect. On the other hand the definition and categorization of modulation by Lopez Guix (1997), is the same definition of Newmark originated from Vinay and Darbelnet. But it is also define as a transposition in terms of the message due to the categories of thinking instead of grammar. In the procedures mention before the difficulties rising due to structure of two different linguistics systems, to all this is have to be add the linguistic and cultural specifications. Metonymic transfer (spatial contiguity, temporal or causal relationship between the original and the translations) Synecdoche or inclusion (this transformation is more common in English since this language is more direct, concrete) Reversal of terms (the change became the appositive) Negated contrary to create an affirmation (It is common in English, the use is not mandatory, the used depends of the context) Active for passive (English prefer the passive voice, opposite to Spanish which reject the passive voice) Change of symbols (this procedure let the translator to about the estrangement and desfamiliarization at the time to transform the sentences) The change from a casual for to an educated form (this is a common change from English to Spanish) Lopez Guix (1997) Another author is Vasquez Ayora (1977) he consider modulation as way to fight the literalism. Stylistic compare notion, it is a conceptual based inside a proposition, without changing the meaning, which is a different point of view from the translator using a different metaphor. Like Guix and Newmark, Ayora (1977), base is analysis with the same explanation of Vinay and Darbelnet. Ayora also mention that a different point of view will be the linguistic analysis. To this explanation we can add the hypothesis of George Mounin (1970) which said different point of view different analysis of text. Ayora consider transposition and modulation the most important procedures of translation. The categorization of modulation from Ayora is: Abstract for concrete Cause for effect One part the whole One part for another Inversion de terminus Negated contrary Form, aspect and used Change of symbols Symbols, in this case Ayora (1977) subdivide this procedure in: Passive to active Complement and configuration phrases Hypotactic and paratactic order Question and affirmation marks Director indirect speech Exocentric and endocentric expressions Figurate and direct vision Figurate vision to another Direct vision to figure Animism to inanimismo 2.2.3 Omision and amplificacià ³n Some of the translation methods are mainly used to resolve some reciprocation issues in order to convey the meaning and fit into the target language. A non-expert translator is more oriented to literal translation because of his/her fear or lack of knowledge about the different types of methods; however, in translation the objective is to respect the ideas in order to convey the meaning and not to be focused only on the words. One of the procedures that help translator to be more natural is omission, since as Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977) says it is often ignored or underused. He also adds that omission obeys to the linguistic principle of saving and the requirement of naturalness of equivalence in the target language. Furthermore, Và ¡zquez-Ayora presents different types of omission, some examples below: 2.2.3.1 Omission of Abusive Redundancies In many cases companies profit from the research grants Muchas compaà ±Ãƒ ­as sacan provecho de las donaciones para la investigacià ³n 2.2.3.2 Omission of Repletion Georgette smiled that wonderful smile, and we shook hand all round (Hemingway) Georgette tuvo una maravillosa sonrisa y todos nos dimos la mano 2.2.3.3 Omission of Auxiliary can I can hear music in the next room Oigo mà ºsica en la otra oficina 2.2.3.4 Different Examples of Omission: The implications of increasing interdependence among nations Las implicaciones de la creciente interdependencia de las naciones (o de la dependencia entre naciones The only other nomination made so far is that of the Argentinian Ambassador La à ºnica candidatura propuesta hasta ahora es la del Embajador de Argentina In contrast, the addition method is opposed to saving, without neglecting the natural tone of the target text, where more lexemes and morphemes (words or symbols) are used in the final text to express the same idea. There are also several types of addition, according to Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977); however, only some of them will be mentioned: 2.2.3.5 Adverb Addition I told her that life here is not interesting Le dije que la vida en esta ciudad carece de interà ©s 2.2.3.6 Verb Addition I dont know what you mean No sà © lo que quieres decir 2.2.3.7 Adjective Addition I intent to discuss the economy of your programs Deseo discutir la economà ­a de las propagandas que ustedes dirigen 2.2.4 Explicitacion Explicitation is used by translators to express what is implicit from the source text to the target text. According to Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977), the English language owns high levels of semantic and meta-linguistic aspects that need to be explicit in Spanish, meaning that English has linguistic concentration of thought advantages over Spanish, so if these elements are not clear, the target text can be vague. Moreover, Và ¡zquez-Ayora adds that the main objective of this method is explain and be specific; however, he emphasizes that this procedure cannot be used overused, since if the message from the source text is hidden, it should be translated as the original paper in order to not loss the accuracy. Below some examples: He shook his head can be translated as Movià ³ la cabeza afirmativamente A need for specific skills can be translated as Necesidad de personal especializado en ramos especificos Their long journey halfway across the world can be translated as El largo viaje que habia de conducirles a travez del mundo 2.2.5 Traduccion literal For this term Newmark consider literal translation as a technique and best option to translating text where the form is important as the content of great speeches, autobiographies and literary works. Guix (1977) explain the literary translation with the words of Vinay and Darbelnet, is the transfer word by word respecting the linguistic bonded of the target language. Guix (1977) also mention that literal translation is interlineal. In the case of Ayora (1997) he explains that literal translation is a procedure in which the translator need to involved a parallel structure and concept, this is not word for word translation. 2.2.6 Falsas anà ¡logas Both languages, Spanish and English, have thousands of words that are the same or alike in form and also have the same meaning, this group is known as cognates. On the other hand, there are another group of words that are deceiving and look similar, but the meaning is quite different, these are known as false cognates or false friends. These false cognates can cause translation problems, so the translator needs to be very careful when encountering words that seem to be the same in both languages; therefore, it is better to not assume the meaning of the words and also recommends reviewing the words in a monolingual dictionary first. 2.3 Glossaries The Merriam Webster dictionary define glossary as a collection of textual glosses or of specialized terms with their respective meanings a list that gives definitions of the hard or unusual words found in a book. But glossaries are much more, they are exceptional tools for translators, as they help in the selection of appropriate terms during the translation process, now that are customized dictionaries with a list of terms in a special subject or field with its definitions , uses, and associated notes in the target language . Glossaries are used by translators working on difficult text with specific terminology; these lists of terms could also include any company or product specific content ranging from standard abbreviations, names, technical terms and phrases; software strings; legal terms; ingredient lists; catalogue items; and more depending on the field of the translation. Plus other identifying information such as context or reference that may also be included. In this section specific aspects of the glossary would be explained such as its relevance not only for the translator but as for the translation process, in addition to the procedures for translators to create a glossary. 2.3.1 Relevance for the translator According to Gapper (2008) Translators are not required to know the precise meaning of all existing words; especially when working with specialized text such as: institutional translations, papers from the area of politics, commerce, finance, and medicine; so even the best translator may find difficult translating specific concepts or catch phrases if he is not acquainted to that particular topic or field. That is why, translators should have at hand the necessary tools to develop an accurate translation and the glossary is the ideal tool, now that it helps translators to make sure that each time a defined key term appears, in any language, it is used consistently and correctly in addition it ensures that those difficult terms that will be needed by the reader are write down in an easy way helping to better understand the document topic and concepts. 2.3.2 Relevance for the translation process: In the field of translation, the use of a glossary to maintain consistency is really important and can make a big difference in the quality and coherence of the translated document. Access to reliable and accurate terminology is fundamental to minimize the spent of time on researching and correcting the terms that can be so time consuming, in that way the glossary is useful by saving time and effort to the translators, in addition to ensure consistency within and across the text documents. And all this is to produce an understandable content to readers, helping the text to communicate effectively its message to the audience. 2.3.3 How to create a glossary? For the purpose of explaining in a clear and specific way the creation of the glossary, some important recommendations made by Gapper (2008) would be mentioned The first step proposed by Gapper (2008) consists on determining what is needed in order to create a preliminary design; this will help to define the project scope and an efficient time management, especially if the project will be delivered for a specific organization. In this way, the translator can ensure a high quality work. According to Gapper (2008), the gathering information process will allow the person or translator to have a vast knowledge of what is required. Once all this information is compiled, it is also necessary to have the data documented and systematically archived. At this point, the translator can go over with the glossary creation based on the requirements and the users that were defined during the first stage. Below, the specific steps to generate a glossary based on Gapper (2008) recommendation: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Determine the purpose of the glossary (users, used, where and under what circumstances will be used? what institution will be benefit? and so on) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Define the content (terms, information regarding the terms) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Additional information, if required (singular/plural, dramatics, usage, and so on) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Format Definition In addition, according to Gapper (2008) another important decision will be to delineate what type of information will be included for each term. The inclusion of equivalences can result should enrich the glossaries, due to there are some words vary in different countries with the same spoken language; she also suggests that a glossary can include examples on how to use a specific term, this can help as a comparison with other terms, and also idiomatic expressions can be included to guide the user. On the other hand, aspects about the format need to be analyzed, here, is important to consider aspects like: the use of caps, parenthesis, and alphabetic order. The last step based on Gapper (2008) recommendation is the verification stage, so before delivering the final version it is needed a meticulous review of the work performed, in the first reading the content should be review to ensure the information is truthful and accurate, and then it guarantees that was offered in a clear and consistent way, the second reading is basically focused on the usage of language and the format aspects. G

Moral Ambiguity of Charlie in The Little Drummer Girl Essays -- Little

Moral Ambiguity of Charlie in The Little Drummer Girl   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In George J. Lennard’s, â€Å"John le Carre† critical assessment of the ending of Little Drummer Girl, he claims that â€Å"Charlie can not continue to act in the theater of the real...she can no longer return to the romantic fluff of Western middle class society.† Charlie’s last line in the novel, the theater of the real, are â€Å"I am dead† (pp.659), which confirms Lennard’s statement. Charlie, an actress, by nature and craft is a coerced into a scheme to infiltrate a terrorist ring, against her convictions. By playing upon Charlie’s insecurities and her need for acceptance, this scheme forms a kind of moral ambiguity and uncertainness inside Charlie. When it ends, her world is shattered, and she becomes â€Å"dead† in a figurative sense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theater of the real forces Charlie to give a performance of a lifetime as her own life is at stake. In the beginning Charlie, willing and naive, accepts the script given to her by Joseph. Joseph himself, trains Charlie how to act in this scheme, much like an acting coach trains an inexperienced theatrical student. Along the way, Joseph gives her important pieces of advice such as â€Å"stay with the logic of the fiction...weaken and you will ruin the operation...we’ll repair [any] damage (pp. 468), advice which Charlie does not closely follow. In a world that will be turn upside down for Charlie, Joseph is her one remaining constant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The people Charlie comes in contact with can be best described as characters or actors in fiction as well. The characters names change almost as frequently as Charlie’s views of her situation. The changing names give way to the belief that the characters, under disguise, can not really be held responsible for their actions as they are in costume. As the novel progresses, Charlie also changes costumes much like a chameleon changes with its environment. When Charlie’s character is the Israelites, she is sympathetic to them; likewise, when she is with the Palestinians, she takes on their beliefs, which in it self creates a chaos and provides substance to the theme of moral ambiguity in le Carre’s novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charlie begins her journey into moral ambiguity with the death of Michel, a Palestinian terrorist. Following her script carefully, Charlie infiltrates the terrorist ring, convincing them that she was Michel’s lover. Charli... ... [into the real] is futile† (pp. 600). And so, Charlie enters back into the world of the real changed and alone, even â€Å"dead† because she is unable to ever be the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charlie’s character deals with concerns of terrorism, the persuasive power of love and the moral ambiguity on both sides of the fence. Perhaps her most important discovery is when she realizes the cost of violence to those who preform it. Although Charlie is clearly the protagonist of the novel, she makes an important discover which seems to eliminate the conflict of moral ambiguity: there is good and evil in everyone. This lesson affects Charlie in ways the writers of her script never could have known. Like the writers of a good novel, she has already begun to miss the character she has fallen in love with– herself. Charlie now, neither belongs in the theater of the real no in the real world– she will no longer fit in either as she once did, Making her â€Å"dead† to herself and everyone who once knew her Le Carre leaves us with an image of Charlie preforming works of art in a theater for a real audience. Significantly because Charlieà ¢â‚¬â„¢s ambiguity of herself can best be seen by playing the characters of others.

An Exposition on Peanut Butter Cookies Essay -- Exposition Essays

An Exposition on Peanut Butter Cookies Have you ever tried to bake peanut butter cookies, and for some reason they were a complete flap because they were dry and crunchy, too moist and crumbly, or perhaps they had a terrible taste? Well, I have discovered this cool new recipe and I have never failed at making them. Have no fear, the ultimate peanut butter cookie recipe is here. We will need the following ingredients: 1c. of brown sugar, 1c. of white sugar, 1c. of margarine or butter, 1c. of peanut butter, 2 large eggs, 1 tsp. of baking soda, 1/4 tsp. of salt, 2 tsp. of vanilla, 3 cups of flour, and 1/2 cup of white sugar. As far as cooking utensils go, we will need the following: 2 large bowls, a small cup, a microwavable bowl, a baking sheet, one set of measuring spoons, one se...

Leadership and Culture

Leadership and Culture Virginia Armstrong University of Hawaii: West Oahu Abstract Effective leadership requires a delicate utilization of power and authority. Although they possess unique attitudes, traits and styles, successful leaders strive to promote their organization’s vision and culture and motivate others to embrace it as well. Studies have attempted to define one superior leadership model but have failed due to individual and circumstantial elements.Keywords: leadership, corporate culture, power, authority Chapter Overview Leadership is the ability to influence others to follow direction and support decisions. Though leadership and management often coincide, leadership is more focused on the long-term visions of the organization and how to motivate and encourage the implementation of these visions. The success of leaders depends largely on their own attitudes, expectations, traits and leadership style they embrace.Whether a manager’s leadership style is autocr atic, laissez-faire or democratic, the emphasis they place on production and people bears the most importance. Studies conducted by Ohio State and University of Michigan have proven that successful leaders show concern, initiate structure, participate and maintain a general (rather than close) level of supervision. In a situational setting, the contingency approach is the most effective. The Managerial Grid is a graphical tool for managers to identify their management style and set goals towards improvement. Corporate Culture: Harmonize, Don’t Homogenize† In this article, Kuenne (2011) emphasizes the importance of attaining a strong corporate culture by unifying individuals and their talents as well as instilling a cooperative initiative on all levels to achieve one goal or vision. Kuenne (2011) calls his approach the infinity loop designed â€Å"to create a harmonized culture with the emphasis on being complementary, rather than striving for conformity† (Kuenne, 2011, para. 6).The most important elements of Kuenne’s approach are individual skills, shared values, departmental cohesiveness, a unified understanding of the corporate identity, cultivating personal development and the drive to inspire others. Essentially, thriving corporations instill a strong mission, vision and the inspiration to cooperatively make the visions a reality. Relation to chapter The article relates to the chapter by discussing the importance of creating a strong and diverse corporate culture.As mentioned in the chapter, â€Å"A strong corporate culture is clearly defined, reinforces a common understanding about what is important, and has the support of management and employees† (Ghyllier, 2012. p. 213). An important component of a corporation’s culture is the individuals it is comprised of in the business. A good manager will recognize their talents, how to best utilize them and foster an environment in which they feel motivated and satisfied t o work towards the common goal of the organization. In the chapter, these characteristics embody a strong corporate culture. Five Leadership Lessons to Unlearn† In this article, â€Å"Five Leadership Lessons to Unlearn† written by Stephen Wiehe, Wiehe (2010) describes how he changed the destructive leadership methods of a failing dot-com business in order to create a thriving business model. First, he emphasized that leadership is a behavior. Others judge your actions, not words or promises. He also pointed out that leaders don’t necessarily need all the answers but rather questions. He continues to explain that the most productive ideas are generated by numerous people during open and constructive discussions.Another important point Wiehe (2010) makes is that leaders need to share power and authority. Lastly, he believes that rather than forcing or demanding change, it is better to ask for change and using methods such as positive reinforcement. Relation to chap ter I thought Weihe’s theory on sharing power and authority were very closely related to the chapter discussion of power, leadership and authority. Weihe (2010) suggests that leaders â€Å"give power and authority away everyday†. This closely relates to the chapter reading in that it emphasizes the separation of leadership from power and authority.Instead, leadership requires a skillful utilization of the two in order to lead effectively. According to the text; â€Å"Leadership is the ability to influence people to willingly follow one’s guidance or adhere to one’s decisions† (Ghyllyer, 2012. p. 200). If power and authority are employed correctly, they will aid in a leader’s following. However, when abused, employees may resist cooperation with not only the leader but the goals of the organization as well. I agree that when power and authority are shared, people gain a sense of belonging and self worth. Chapter and Article LearningThis resea rch assignment helped me to really take the time to understand just how diverse and important conscious leadership is. I also learned how complicated it is to truly study leadership as every individual and situation is unique. I found the articles very interesting, as they clearly illustrated what types of leadership techniques were not effective and how to improve and change them. Chapter Learning I found it very interesting to learn about how much a leader’s personality and style can affect their ability to effectively gain following. Throughout my years of work, I have encountered many different eaders whom I can now better understand after reading this chapter. As I continue to work and be involved in social groups, I will now have the ability to identify different types of leaders and perhaps how I can be a better leader myself. Article Learning I think the most important key point from the first article is that people are unique individuals with unique talents, methods of learning and communication. Though employees may have little in common, finding productive ways for them to work together and communicate is critical in order to achieve goals.Corporate managers must recognize that people need to feel not only accepted and valued as employees but also be incorporated as important components of the organization’s plan or vision. When everyone is working toward a clear goal together, the odds of success are far greater. Another key point Kuenne (2011) makes is the importance of recognizing people’s talents and utilizing them to their fullest extent. Creating a culture that fosters free thought and the expansion of knowledge fosters higher quality work and a better potential for innovative thoughts and ideas. The right culture change can—without question—improve results,† says John Kotter, co-author of the book â€Å"Corporate Culture and Performance† (Lublin, 2013, para. 7). I think the most important key po int from the second article is to avoid leading behind closed doors. It makes a big impact when leaders demonstrate their willingness to put forth effort in order to reach the goals of the organization. Often CEO’s lead by giving orders; which often makes people feel inferior and unmotivated.Wiehe (2010) suggests finding opportunities to open the lines of communication by requesting feedback. He notes, â€Å"Great ideas form from open, constructive, and positive discussion driven by questions. Everyone contributes and therefore buys into the idea† (Wiehe, 2010, para. 5). Not only do employees feel important by contributing their ideas, but also must take partial responsibility for the outcome. Another key point Weihe (2010) makes is to avoid counterproductive elements such as conflict and negativity. He suggests holding casual ompany gatherings in which dialogue can occur in a relaxed environment where people have a sense of belonging and higher comfort level. I know w hen my company hosts work team building parties we gain a much better sense of camaraderie and generate good ideas for the business. Other tools managers can use to improve morale and production are sales rewards and bonuses. References Ghillyer, D. A. (2012). Management Now. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kuenne, C. (2011). Corporate Culture: Harmonize, Don’t Homogenize. Retrieved from http://www. businessweek. om/managing/content/may2011/ca20110516_966904. htm Lublin, J. (2013). Can a New Culture Fix Troubled Companies. Retrieved from http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424127887324096404578356351608725098. html? KEYWORDS=corporate+culture Wiehe, S. (2010). Five Leadership Lessons to Unlearn. Retrieved from http://www. businessweek. com/smallbiz/tips/archives/2010/07/five_leadership_lessons_to_unlearn. html http://www. businessweek. com/managing/content/may2011/ca20110516_966904. htm http://www. businessweek. com/smallbiz/tips/archives/2010/07/five_leadership_lessons_to_unlearn. html